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在马哲的相关书籍中,常常可以看到权利和义务相互联系,不可分割。当然,从事物普遍联系的观点来看,这一说法没有错。然而,权利做为独立于义务而单独存在的个体,并不能简单的做等价或类比,更不能将这两者混淆。
权利是人的一种基本需要。权利的存在是不需要社会群体辅助而能独立的。简而言之,人生而俱之就有基本的权利,即人权。人权是整体的概念,包括了生活必须的物质条件,还有更高层次的精神条件。权利的重要性在于,其不是一种强制性的规则,可以选择享用此权利或者不享用。而很多人常常忽视这一点。比如对于自由权利,有的人是选择享用,但有的人是选择放弃的,而强权机构却无视这一权利,反而强迫人们接受自由。
相对权利而言,义务是社会群体的产物,是社会合作的体现。从另一个层面而言,义务具有强制性,通过社会群体施压达到强制的目的。尽义务是保证社会群体正常运行的重要条件,对一个有序的社会而言,每个个体都必须尽其义务,正是由于义务的强制性,保证了义务能够有效的被贯彻,社会合作得到了实施,再不以个人意志为转移,确保了整个社会系统的健壮性。
义务所达到的效果是长远的,多少是不可见的,但是却是真实存在的。不能因为尽义务不能得到眼前的利益就认为其不必要,认为是多此一举。正是义务保证了社会机器的长效运行,个体的义务最终转化为了群体的利益。
因此,可以说,权利是个体利益最大化的体现,而义务是保证集体利益最大化的条件。
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