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大部分人已经清楚地知道,股份在公司合作中具有重要的作用,大家都明了的有这样几种:激励,利益捆绑,决策,利益分配。在前几天和朋友的谈话中,他说不希望他自己公司股份说得太明白,大家需要钱就从公司拿就可以了,这样对大家都好。在不上市的年代里,似乎私人所有(Private-Hold)的公司中,股份显得无足轻重了。
但是,现代公司架构的股份制产生于公开交易市场之前。这样做是有道理的,首先,与常识相反,股份制将个人目标与公司目标分离开了。公司作为一个理性人,首要目的是追求高回报;而大部分个人追求的是生活的舒适性。在支出方面,两者有着严重的对立。公司一方,会想方设法减少支出,以获取更高的利润空间;个人一方,更情愿通过增加支出获得更好的生活体验。也就是说,作为理性的公司,衡量回报的标准是金钱,而个人衡量回报的标准是生活体验。
想象不通过股份方式建立起来的这样一种激励方式:公司高层可以自由支配公司花销满足个人需要。这样混乱的结果就是作为个人无法再分辨服务对象的目标,而造成大量不应有的开销。看看国内的发票报销制度,抛开其避税的初衷不谈,这样一个畸形的激励制度造成了许多可见的可避免的开销。
而股份制度提供了一种将个人目标和公司目标分开的激励手段。通常,股份制度的现金返还方式有这样的几种:公开市场转手,年度分红,公司回购。公开市场转手虽然与公司表现有关,但是并不影响管理层的运行。分红模式将个人利益与公司利益一致化。只有公司回购提供了一种个人与公司博弈的场景。而其他的激励制度,无论是自由支配花销还是发票报销,其实质都是提供一种个人与公司博弈的途径。而这样一种博弈,尤其是高层与公司的博弈,对于公司一方是不利的。
合理的股份激励避免了这种博弈情况,因此协调了公司与个人的关系,分隔了两者的目标。这种专业化,也为以后的管理层与股东分离提供了基础,保证了公司的长期发展。
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